Author:  Dr. Karim Al Mansour Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract Global markets have entered an extended period of uncertainty shaped by geopolitical tensions, inflationary pressures, rapid monetary tightening, climate-related shocks, and technological disruptions. Corporate valuation—already a complex methodological exercise—has become far more difficult as firms operate in a world where risk, volatility, and structural inequalities shape the distribution of finan

Abstract Trust is one of the most fundamental conditions for the functioning of global capitalism. Financial markets, digital transactions, savings systems, and investment flows all depend on the belief that institutions will act fairly, transparently, and responsibly. In recent years, however, public trust in financial systems has been declining. People increasingly feel that the rules of global capitalism benefit powerful actors while exposing ordinary individuals and perip