Author: Sara El-Hassan Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract In recent years, rising global regulatory expectations, public scrutiny, and stakeholder activism have changed compliance from a technical task to a key part of an organization's culture. More and more, research shows that companies with strong ethical cultures and strong compliance practices have fewer legal problems, more trust from employees, and better long-term performance. As global markets become more

The COVID-19 pandemic was not only a global health crisis; it was a stress test for risk management systems in organizations, governments, and communities around the world. Many traditional approaches focused on isolated risks, linear planning, and static assumptions. The pandemic exposed how inadequate such models can be when facing systemic, cascading, and long-lasting disruptions. In the post-pandemic world, risk management is no longer an optional support function; it has