Author: Nadia Karim – Independent Researcher Abstract Global marketing is no longer about simply exporting a product and translating a slogan. As brands move across borders, they enter complex cultural fields shaped by history, power, class, and institutions. This article examines how culture influences global marketing strategies by integrating three major sociological perspectives: Bourdieu’s theory of capital and fields, world-systems theory, and institutional isomorphism.

Author: Nadia El-Khatib Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract The regulation of international business has become one of the defining challenges of the twenty-first-century global economy. As multinational enterprises expand across jurisdictions, they encounter multiple systems of rules, soft-law standards, and governance expectations that shape how they produce, trade, innovate, and compete. Contrary to the view that regulation is purely technical or neutral, this art

Author: Layla Omar — Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract For more than three decades, globalization was commonly described as a process of deepening economic integration led mainly by advanced Western economies. Trade liberalization, global value chains, and cross-border investment created a world in which production and finance were organized on a truly global scale. In the 2020s, this narrative is being challenged. Geopolitical tensions, trade wars, industrial poli

Author: Sara El-Masri — Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract International business and globalization are undergoing a profound reconfiguration. For several decades, globalization was associated with trade liberalization, the expansion of global value chains, and the rapid growth of cross-border investment and production. In the 2020s, this narrative has become more complex. The world economy now combines continued integration—especially through digital trade and cros