Author: Layla Omar — Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract For more than three decades, globalization was commonly described as a process of deepening economic integration led mainly by advanced Western economies. Trade liberalization, global value chains, and cross-border investment created a world in which production and finance were organized on a truly global scale. In the 2020s, this narrative is being challenged. Geopolitical tensions, trade wars, industrial poli

Author: Sara El-Masri — Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract International business and globalization are undergoing a profound reconfiguration. For several decades, globalization was associated with trade liberalization, the expansion of global value chains, and the rapid growth of cross-border investment and production. In the 2020s, this narrative has become more complex. The world economy now combines continued integration—especially through digital trade and cros

Author:  Said Khalifa Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract This paper explores the evolving paradigms of management and leadership in the twenty-first century, focusing on how globalization, digital transformation, and sociocultural dynamics reshape the understanding of authority, coordination, and organizational identity. Drawing upon Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of capital, Immanuel Wallerstein’s world-systems theory, and the framework of institutional isomorphism, th