Author: O. El-Masri Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract In the last ten years, Operations and Supply Chain Management (OSCM) has changed more than ever before. Global disruptions like geopolitical tensions, pandemics, energy crises, labour shortages, extreme weather events, and digitalisation have made businesses rethink how they plan, coordinate, and run production networks. Recent research (2020–2025) shows that resilience, sustainability, visibility, and digita

Author: L. Ahmed – Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic was one of the most disruptive events in modern economic history. It showed how weak supply chain structures were that had been built mostly for efficiency instead of strength. "Resilience" has been a top strategic goal for all industries since 2020. This has made companies, governments, and international organisations rethink how to design, manage, and protect supply chains. This article of