Author:   Hans Meier Affiliation:   Independent Researcher Abstract Cross-cultural competence has become one of the most crucial forms of strategic human resource (HR) capital in the 21st century. As organizations expand across national borders and integrate multicultural workforces, the ability to understand, communicate and collaborate effectively across cultures is no longer optional—it is a core strategic requirement. This article explores cross-cultural competence as a f

Author:  Lina Mansour Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract Global leadership today unfolds in an environment characterized by unprecedented mobility of people, capital, information, and cultural practices. As multinational enterprises (MNEs), international organizations, and transnational civil-society networks increasingly operate across borders, the demands placed on leaders extend far beyond technical expertise. They must navigate linguistic complexity, cross-cult