Author:  M. Hartwell Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract A common business claim—often repeated in classrooms, boardrooms, and social media—is that WD-40 never patented its formula so that “no one would ever know the secret,” and that this choice helped the product remain defensible for decades. This article examines whether that claim is true, what it implies about the strategic trade-off between patenting and secrecy, and how similar logic appears across industrie

Author: Hassan El Malki – Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract Data analytics has moved from the margins of management to the center of strategic decision-making. In many industries, firms that use data well outperform those that do not, not only by improving efficiency but also by shaping markets, customer expectations, and even regulatory debates. This article explores how data analytics can become a source of strategic advantage, rather than just an operational too

Author: Samir Khalid — Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract Sustainability has shifted from a peripheral concern in corporate social responsibility to a central driver of competitive strategy across global industries. As environmental degradation, climate change, and social inequality intensify, consumers increasingly evaluate brands not only on functional performance but on their perceived contribution to ecological and social well-being. This article explores sustai