Scientific racism was one of the most harmful misuses of knowledge in modern history. It used the language of #science, measurement, classification, and progress to support false ideas about human hierarchy. Although it presented itself as objective research, it was shaped by #bias, colonial power, social inequality, and political interests. This article studies scientific racism as a historical case of how knowledge can be misused when research is separated from #ethics, soc

The Swiss–Saudi Investment Protection Agreement offers a useful academic case for understanding why #law matters in #global_business. Modern investment is not only about capital, profit, technology, or market opportunity. It is also about #legal_security, trust, and the belief that rights will be respected when investors operate outside their home country. The agreement between Switzerland and Saudi Arabia shows how states use international legal instruments to support #econo