Abstract This article introduces #Actor_Network_Theory (#ANT) to students who are meeting it for the first time, and it does so without hiding behind heavy jargon. The central claim of #ANT is unusual but simple to state: the things we call "social" are not made by people alone. They are made by mixed groups of humans, machines, documents, animals, rules, and #objects working together. A bus timetable, a vaccine, a student ID card, and a habit of arriving on time can all act

Abstract This paper explains #structuration_theory in plain language for students and early-career researchers, and shows why it still matters for the way we study social life. The central claim of the theory is simple to state but hard to fully grasp: #social_structures shape what people do, and what people do, in turn, builds and rebuilds those same structures. Anthony Giddens called this two-way relationship the #duality_of_structure. The study uses a structured library-ba

Abstract This article explains #effectuation theory in plain language while keeping the structure and rigor expected of a scholarly review. Effectuation describes how experienced founders begin not with a fixed goal but with the #means already in their hands — who they are, what they know, and whom they know — and then shape #opportunity through small, repeated action. The article has two aims. The first is teaching: students often meet entrepreneurship as a tidy sequence of