Author: Sara El-Masri — Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract International business and globalization are undergoing a profound reconfiguration. For several decades, globalization was associated with trade liberalization, the expansion of global value chains, and the rapid growth of cross-border investment and production. In the 2020s, this narrative has become more complex. The world economy now combines continued integration—especially through digital trade and cros

Author:  Dr. Karim Al Mansour Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract Global markets have entered an extended period of uncertainty shaped by geopolitical tensions, inflationary pressures, rapid monetary tightening, climate-related shocks, and technological disruptions. Corporate valuation—already a complex methodological exercise—has become far more difficult as firms operate in a world where risk, volatility, and structural inequalities shape the distribution of finan

Social entrepreneurship has rapidly evolved from a niche practice to a mainstream strategy for addressing complex social and environmental problems. Yet the mechanisms that enable social enterprises to mobilize resources, build trust, and sustain impact remain contested. This article examines social entrepreneurship through Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of social capital and complementary lenses from world-systems analysis and institutional isomorphism. Using a mixed conceptual–a

Author:  Aibek Karimov Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract This article examines how leadership succeeds or fails in global firms when power, culture, and trust collide across borders. Using Bourdieu’s theory of capital and fields, world-systems analysis, and institutional isomorphism, I define leadership capital  as a convertible bundle of economic, social, cultural, and symbolic resources that executives mobilize to shape strategy and legitimacy. I propose a pract

Author:  Hassan Aref— Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract Gold is among the oldest objects of human desire, a metal that moved armies, shaped empires, and still anchors financial imagination in the digital age. This article offers a 3,000–3,500-word, accessible but academically framed account of gold’s historical trajectory and contemporary relevance. It situates gold within three theoretical lenses: Bourdieu’s forms of capital (economic, social, cultural, and symbo

Author:  Sholpan Rakhimova Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract In 2025, Switzerland was ranked as the world’s most competitive...

Author:  Muratbek Alimov Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract Architecture is not merely a technical craft but a social practice...

Author:  Aiman Bek, Independent Researcher Abstract Fashion has long transcended its function as mere clothing, evolving into a system of...

Author:  Amanbek Nurbekov Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract The history of philosophy is often described as a journey of...

Author:  Alim Khan Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract The history of science represents one of humanity’s most transformative...

Author:  Bekzat Alimov Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract The history of education represents one of humanity’s most...

Author:  Yerbol Karimov Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract This article traces the historical evolution of business from its...

Author:  Azamat Bekov — Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract This article examines how the rapid adoption of autonomous...

This article examines the rapid emergence of generative artificial intelligence (Gen-AI) tools (such as large language models) in...