Author:  Samir Al-Khatib Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract One of the most important maritime chokepoints in the world is the Strait of Hormuz. It is a fairly narrow passage that connects the Persian Gulf to the Arabian Sea. It is also a crossroads for global energy flows, shipping insurance markets, regional security issues, and macroeconomic expectations. This article looks at how the risk of disruption in the Strait of Hormuz affects the world economy through t

Author: Lina Kareem – Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract Economic nationalism has re-emerged as a powerful force reshaping global trade in the twenty-first century. Trade wars, reshoring policies, industrial subsidies, and strategic export controls have signaled a shift away from hyper-globalization toward a more fragmented and politically contested global economy. This article examines how economic nationalism is transforming trade patterns, production networks, a