Author: Alex Rahman — Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract Over the past ten years, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) frameworks have quickly changed the way businesses around the world do business. They have gone from being voluntary corporate social responsibility programs to mandatory, standardised, and strategically integrated parts of corporate governance. ESG started as a way to address moral concerns about sustainability and responsible business pract

Abstract Ethical marketing has become one of the most important forces shaping consumer trust in today’s global marketplace. As consumers face unprecedented exposure to advertising, digital persuasion, and environmental and social challenges, their expectations of firms have shifted significantly. Brands are no longer judged solely on functional performance; they are evaluated by the values they embody and the social responsibilities they embrace. This article provides a comp

Author: Farah N. Karim Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract Ethical marketing has become one of the most influential developments in the global business landscape as consumers increasingly prioritize fairness, transparency, sustainability, and social responsibility in their purchasing decisions. Trust—long considered a cornerstone of effective marketing—has taken on renewed importance due to rising consumer skepticism, digital transparency, and heightened expectations