Author:  Dr. Samir Khalil Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract Regional integration has become a major force shaping contemporary patterns of production, investment, and trade. As neighbouring states deepen economic cooperation, they increasingly participate in cross-border value chains in which tasks are distributed across several economies rather than concentrated in a single country. These regional production systems link firms and institutions through shared regu

Author:  Zarina Akhmetova Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract Visa-free travel has never been merely about convenience; it is a...