Value Chain Analysis is one of the most useful ideas in strategic management because it helps explain how organizations create value through a series of connected activities. Rather than seeing a business as a single unit, this approach breaks it into parts such as purchasing, production, logistics, marketing, sales, service, technology development, human resource management, and infrastructure. By studying these parts, managers can identify where value is created, where cost

Author: O. El-Masri Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract In the last ten years, Operations and Supply Chain Management (OSCM) has changed more than ever before. Global disruptions like geopolitical tensions, pandemics, energy crises, labour shortages, extreme weather events, and digitalisation have made businesses rethink how they plan, coordinate, and run production networks. Recent research (2020–2025) shows that resilience, sustainability, visibility, and digita