Scientific racism was one of the most harmful misuses of knowledge in modern history. It used the language of #science, measurement, classification, and progress to support false ideas about human hierarchy. Although it presented itself as objective research, it was shaped by #bias, colonial power, social inequality, and political interests. This article studies scientific racism as a historical case of how knowledge can be misused when research is separated from #ethics, soc

False beliefs do not survive only because people lack information. They often survive because they become socially protected. A statement may begin as an error, but when it is repeated by a respected thinker, copied by teachers, printed in books, and accepted by institutions, it can become part of normal #knowledge even when it is easy to test. The famous example often connected with Aristotle’s claim about women having fewer teeth than men shows a larger academic problem: pe