Author: Samira Khan Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract In today's world economy, global supply chains are one of the most important political structures. They used to be seen mostly as ways for companies to work together to be more efficient, but now they are part of geopolitical tensions, national security debates, and industrial policy strategies. The COVID-19 pandemic, semiconductor shortages, rising geopolitical competition, and the faster shift to low-carbon te

Author: Lina Kareem – Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract Economic nationalism has re-emerged as a powerful force reshaping global trade in the twenty-first century. Trade wars, reshoring policies, industrial subsidies, and strategic export controls have signaled a shift away from hyper-globalization toward a more fragmented and politically contested global economy. This article examines how economic nationalism is transforming trade patterns, production networks, a

Innovation is widely recognized as the engine of long-run growth, productivity, and social mobility. Yet many emerging economies struggle to convert ideas into marketable products and services at scale. This article examines the institutional barriers that impede innovation in emerging economies and proposes actionable reforms to unlock inclusive, sustainable growth. Using a theory-informed framework that combines Bourdieu’s forms of capital, world-systems analysis, and insti