Author: Alex Rahman — Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract Over the past ten years, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) frameworks have quickly changed the way businesses around the world do business. They have gone from being voluntary corporate social responsibility programs to mandatory, standardised, and strategically integrated parts of corporate governance. ESG started as a way to address moral concerns about sustainability and responsible business pract

Author: Sara El-Masri — Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract International business and globalization are undergoing a profound reconfiguration. For several decades, globalization was associated with trade liberalization, the expansion of global value chains, and the rapid growth of cross-border investment and production. In the 2020s, this narrative has become more complex. The world economy now combines continued integration—especially through digital trade and cros