Author: O. El-Masri Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract In the last ten years, Operations and Supply Chain Management (OSCM) has changed more than ever before. Global disruptions like geopolitical tensions, pandemics, energy crises, labour shortages, extreme weather events, and digitalisation have made businesses rethink how they plan, coordinate, and run production networks. Recent research (2020–2025) shows that resilience, sustainability, visibility, and digita

Author:  Dr. Samir Khalil Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract Regional integration has become a major force shaping contemporary patterns of production, investment, and trade. As neighbouring states deepen economic cooperation, they increasingly participate in cross-border value chains in which tasks are distributed across several economies rather than concentrated in a single country. These regional production systems link firms and institutions through shared regu