Author: A. Verne Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract This article examines the historical transformation of smoking from a medically endorsed practice in the mid-20th century to a globally recognized public health threat. Using a multidisciplinary theoretical framework combining Bourdieu’s theory of capital and habitus, world-systems theory, and institutional isomorphism, the study explores how social norms, economic structures, and institutional pressures shaped th

Author:  Samir Al-Khatib Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract One of the most important maritime chokepoints in the world is the Strait of Hormuz. It is a fairly narrow passage that connects the Persian Gulf to the Arabian Sea. It is also a crossroads for global energy flows, shipping insurance markets, regional security issues, and macroeconomic expectations. This article looks at how the risk of disruption in the Strait of Hormuz affects the world economy through t

Author:  Yerbol Karimov Affiliation:  Independent Researcher Abstract This article traces the historical evolution of business from its...