This article studies BYD as a case of #innovation, #vertical_integration, and #industrial_strategy in the global electric vehicle industry. BYD began as a battery producer and later became one of the world’s most important makers of #new_energy_vehicles. Its development is not only a business success story. It is also a useful academic case for students of strategy, technology management, international business, and industrial policy. The central argument of this article is t

Made in China 2025 is one of the most discussed examples of modern #industrial_policy. It was introduced as a long-term plan to move China from large-scale manufacturing toward higher-value #strategic_manufacturing, advanced technology, and stronger domestic innovation. Academically, the policy can be studied as a case of state-guided development, national innovation planning, and participation in #global_value_chains. It shows how a government can identify important sectors,