The historical development of digital business is one of the most important transformations in modern economic life. This article explains how #computers, #internet, #digital_platforms, #data, and #artificial_intelligence changed the way firms create value, organize work, reach customers, and compete in markets. The article is written for students who need a clear but academic introduction to the topic. It follows a journal-style structure and uses historical analysis support

The announced acquisition of Manus by Meta offers a useful academic case for understanding how large technology firms compete in the age of #Artificial_Intelligence. From a business perspective, such acquisitions are rarely only about buying a single product. They are also about gaining #technical_knowledge, talented research teams, intellectual property, data capabilities, and future strategic options. This article studies the Meta–Manus case as an example of #innovation_str

Skype is one of the most important examples in the history of digital communication. It began as a disruptive platform that changed how people made international calls, held video conversations, and stayed connected across borders. For many users, Skype made global communication feel simple, affordable, and personal. It reduced the cost of distance and became part of everyday language. People did not only “make a video call”; they often said they would “Skype.” This cultural

Porter’s Generic Strategies remains one of the most widely recognized frameworks in strategic management. Its central claim is simple yet durable: organizations typically achieve competitive advantage through cost leadership, differentiation, or focus. Although developed in an earlier industrial and managerial era, the framework continues to offer analytical value in contemporary markets shaped by digital platforms, data-intensive operations, artificial intelligence, global s

The Balanced Scorecard remains one of the most influential management frameworks for linking strategy, operations, and performance measurement. Developed to move organizations beyond narrow financial accounting, it proposed a broader view based on four perspectives: financial performance, customer outcomes, internal processes, and learning and growth. In the current period, however, the framework is being used in a new environment shaped by artificial intelligence, data-rich

Management theory often appears stable in textbooks, yet managerial practice changes whenever organizations face new technological, institutional, and competitive pressures. One of the clearest current examples is the spread of advanced artificial intelligence into organizational life, especially the growing use of enterprise AI agents that can draft reports, coordinate workflows, monitor performance signals, assist customer engagement, and support managerial decision-making.

Organizations around the world are moving through a period of unusually fast transformation. Artificial intelligence, digital workflows, platform-based coordination, automation, and data-driven decision-making are changing how managers organize work, how employees perform tasks, and how institutions define efficiency. In this environment, many organizations adopt new technologies quickly but struggle to make change meaningful, accepted, and sustainable. This article revisits

The Boston Consulting Group Matrix, widely known as the BCG Matrix, remains one of the most recognizable tools in strategic management. It divi Cash Cows, Question Marks, and Dogs. For decades, it has helped managers decide where to invest, where to maintain support, and where to reduce focus. Yet the business environment of the 2020s raises an important question: can a framework developed in a period of industrial expansion still guide decision-making in an economy shaped by

SWOT analysis, commonly understood as the study of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, remains one of the most recognizable tools in strategic management. Its popularity comes from its simplicity, flexibility, and broad usefulness across business, education, public management, tourism, and technology. Yet simplicity can also create problems. In many organizations, SWOT becomes a routine checklist rather than a serious analytical method. It is often completed qu

One of the most discussed technology developments in April 2026 is the rapid move from general generative AI tools toward “agentic AI,” meaning systems that do not only produce text or images but can also plan tasks, coordinate actions, use tools, and support decision processes across workflows. Recent business and travel reporting suggests that organizations are no longer asking only whether AI can help with content creation; they are asking whether AI agents can reshape ope

Artificial intelligence has moved into a new phase. Earlier waves of generative AI were mainly used for drafting text, summarizing information, and supporting human decision-making through conversation. A newer wave, often described as agentic AI, is different. It does not only generate outputs after a prompt. It can plan, sequence tasks, use tools, retrieve information, monitor progress, and act with partial autonomy under defined goals. This shift matters for management bec

Author: A. Keller Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract Artificial intelligence is often discussed as if it began with ChatGPT. In public conversation, the release of ChatGPT in November 2022 is frequently treated as the start of the AI era. This view is understandable because ChatGPT made advanced AI visible, usable, and emotionally immediate for millions of people. Yet it is historically inaccurate. Artificial intelligence as a field is usually traced back to the D

Author: A.Keller Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract The OODA loop, commonly understood as the cycle of observe, orient, decide, and act, has long been associated with strategic agility, competitive adaptation, and decision superiority. Its core principle is simple: the actor who moves through the loop more effectively can shape the environment faster than competitors and therefore gain an advantage. Yet the contemporary rise of artificial intelligence has transfo

Author: Huda Najjar Affiliation: Swiss International University (SIU) Abstract The global film industry has undergone a profound transformation in recent years, accelerated by periods of social isolation and digital dependency. This article introduces the concept of the “Home Alone Effect,” referring to the structural and behavioral shift in how audiences consume films primarily in private, home-based environments rather than communal cinema settings. Using theoretical lens

Author: N. Alston Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract Smart education—understood as the strategic integration of digital platforms, learning analytics, AI-enabled support, and quality assurance into coherent learning systems—has moved from “innovation” to “necessity” in higher education. The most visible driver is the rapid diffusion of generative AI and data-informed teaching, which is reshaping assessment, student support, and institutional operations. At the sa

Author: L. Verma Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract “Agentic AI” (systems that can plan, decide, and execute multi-step tasks with limited human prompting) is quickly moving from technology demos into real sector operations—especially in travel and hospitality, where booking, pricing, staffing, disruption management, and guest service are already data-rich and workflow-driven. This article explains why agentic AI is a sectoral phenomenon: its value and risks depe

Author: L.Hartwell Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract Educational institutions are being asked to do more than teach. They are expected to protect learners, prove outcomes, comply with fast-changing regulation, compete in global markets, and maintain trust in environments shaped by artificial intelligence, platform economies, demographic shifts, and geopolitical uncertainty. This article examines educational leadership and institutional governance as a connected

Author: Zarina Akhmetova Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract Data-driven decision making (DDDM) has gone from being a technical goal to something that schools and other educational institutions expect of everyone. Schools, colleges, and universities are being pushed to show that they are fair, efficient, and successful in helping students learn. Digital systems also create huge amounts of data, like admissions profiles, assessment records, learning management syste

Author: A. López – Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract AI is changing how businesses plan, run, and improve their operations very quickly. More and more people are using AI tools to help them make decisions about things like smart quality control, predictive maintenance, dynamic scheduling, and demand forecasting. This article looks at how AI can help make things run better from a social, technical, and institutional point of view. It looks at both improvements in e

Author: L. Markovic Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract Under the ISO framework, international quality standards have become some of the most important rules for making sure quality around the world in the 21st century. ISO standards started out as optional technical guidelines, but they have grown into powerful tools that businesses use to set up processes, deal with risks, keep records of compliance, and prove their legitimacy in competitive markets. This articl