Author:  L.Hartwell Affiliation:  Independent Researcher People often talked about AI in 2025 as a series of "fights." These included fights over rules, lawsuits over data and copyright, geopolitical disputes over chips and cloud capacity, and fierce competition among companies to release models that could do more and more. This article contends that numerous conflicts did not "conclude" in 2025 but rather transformed—from vociferous, headline-oriented confrontations to more

Author: Mhmd Ali Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract The digital economy is growing quickly, and this is changing how businesses are started, run, and controlled. Digital platforms, data-driven business models, artificial intelligence (AI), and algorithmic decision-making are changing the basic rules of corporate law, such as how to form a company, what its purpose is, what directors' duties are, what shareholders' rights are, and how to protect stakeholders. In this

Author: Mhmd Diab Affiliation: Independent Researcher Abstract Blockchain is commonly portrayed as a revolutionary digital technology that automates trust and renders processes transparent. Yet the dominant narrative often reduces blockchain to its technical features and neglects its institutional significance. This article reframes blockchain as a multidimensional institutional innovation  that restructures how transparency, trust, and authority are produced and contested wi

Author:   Dr. Lina Haddad Affiliation:   Independent Researcher Abstract Market competition has long been considered a natural and largely self-regulating process. Classical economic theory assumed that if governments prevented collusion and provided a basic legal framework, competitive forces would naturally drive innovation, efficiency, and consumer welfare. Yet the realities of the twenty-first century challenge this assumption. Digital platforms with global reach, network